8.1 Summary

8.1 Summary

This is Chloroplast-------------------------->

A type of cellular organelle is a place were photosynthesis which takes place in the Chloroplast.











<----------This is the chlorophyll This gives the organelles the green color. The Structure of Chloroplasts
When you look at a plant, and the color of green is contained by cells which chloroplast which can carry out photosynthesis. The place that contains the most chloroplast is in the leaves which are the major sites of photosynthesis.
The structure of the Chloroplast is one of the key functions. Just like a mitochondria a chloroplast also have an inner and an outer membrane. The stronma is the inner membrane which is enclosed by a thick fluid. Inside the chloroplast there are many disk-shaped sacs which are called thylakoids. These disks are arranged in a stack which is called a grana.

Overview of Photosynthesis
-the fall of electrons from glucose to oxygen releases energy, which is then used to make ATP.
-photosynthesis contains two main stages which are light reactions and Calvin cycle.
-light reactions convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy.
-1st chlorophyll molecules in the membranes capture the light energy.
-this splits the water into oxygen and hydrogen ions.
-chloroplasts use them to make an energy-rich molecule called NADPH.
-chloroplast also is used to capture light energy to generate ATP.

The Calvin Cycle
-Calvin cycle makes sugar from the atoms in carbon dioxide plus the hydrogen ions and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH.
-the enzymes for the the Calvin cycle are located outside the thylakiods and dissolved in the stroma.
-calvin cycle is also know as the the light-independent reactions.

Vocabulary
Chloroplast- organelle found in some plant cells and certain unicellular organism where photosynthesis takes place.
chlorophyll- pigment that gives a chloroplast its green color.
stroma- microscopic pores in a leaf's surface.
thylakiod- disk-shaped sac in the stroma of a chloroplast.
light reactions-chemical reactions that convert the sun's energy to chemical energy.
Calvin Cycle-a cycle in plants that makes sugar from carbon dioxide, H+ ions, and high-energy carried by NADPH.

Concept Check 8.1

1. In notebook.
2.The reactions depend on molecules built into the membrane of the thylakoids. Makes ATP.
3. The two stages are light reactions and Calvin Cycle. They both are in the chloroplast.

8.1 Summary

Page 106-107 questions 1-12, 14, 15.

1.B. Bucrose
2. B. Carbohydrate
3. C. Hydrophilic
4. B. Lipid.
5. B. Side groups
6. D. Substrate
7.B. Cools a reaction, slowing it down

Short Answers.

5.5 Summary

-An activation energy is usually galled a start-up engergy which activates the reactants and triggers a chemical reaction.

-The hotter the molecule is then the more likly it will collide with enought energy to the weaken bonds which the cooler molecules collide with the less engery molecules.

-A type of cellular reaction is depended on the assistance of the catalysts, compound that speeds up the chemical reactions.

-Enzymes are the main catalysts of a chemical reaction which the organism are specialized proteins.

-A substrate is a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme which is called the enzym's substrate.

- The active site is a substrate fits into a particular region of the enzyme.

5.4 Summary

-A protein is a polymer a set of just 20 kinds of monomers which are called amio acids.

-Proteins are responsible for almost every thing that people use or any kind of functioning of an organism.

- An amino acids is a kind of monomer which consists of a central carbon atom which is bonde to four partners.

-The center of a carbon's partner is all amino acids.

-A polypeptide is a cells which is created by proteins which are linked by amino acids together into a chain.

-Most Protiens are made up of one or more polypeptide chains.

-In most polypeptide chains there are about 100 amino acids in lenght.

-A protein is a type of simple fourm of amino acids which are linked together which cannont function properly.

-A proteins shape is an influenced by the surrounding environment which is usually aqueous.

-Denaturation is the process of the protein

5.3 Summary

Lipids are inablitiy to mix with water and it is a typical of the class of water, which they avoid compounds.

In 5.3 it talks about how lipids includes fats and steriods. In 5.3 it also talks about the characteristics of lipids, fats, and steriods. As you already know lipids are inablitiy to mix with water and it is a typical of the class of water, which they avoid compounds. And also hydrophobic means water-fearing, which water-avoiding molecules.

Fats include three-carbon backbone which is called glycerold. Glycerold is also attached to three fatty acids, the three fatty acids contain a long hydrocarbon chains. Also there are unsaturated fats which are solid at room temperature.

Steroids are a kind of lipid molecule with a carbon skeleton which forms four fused rings. Steroids have a kind of core set of four ring which makes the different from the of kind of functional groups which are attached to the ring. Therefore steroid are put into a class which they are hydrophobic. Cholesterol is an essential molecule which is found in the membranes that surround the cells in your body.

5.2 Summary

Carbohydrates are an ideal source of energy for the body.















Carbohydrates is an organic compound made up of sugar molecules. Sugars contain the following elements: 1 oxygen, 1 carbon, and 2 hydrogen.




Sugar Molecule --->




Simple kinds of sugar containing,Monosaccharides, just has one sugar unit. There are different examples of glucose which are fructose and galactose are examples of monosaccharides. Most of the things you eat daily contains one or more of the simples sugars found in the sweet things you may eat. There are two different forms of glucose. One of the form is a straight-chain and the other one is a ring-shaped.



Disaccharides, meaning "two sugars", are commonly found in nature as sucrose, lactose and maltose. A glucose molecule contains sucrose and a fructose molecule. In the planet the mose important carbohydrate. The process of table sugar is the stems of surgar cant or any of the roos of a sugar beet. Once you swollow a sucrose, it can be divided into glucose and fructose.

Polysaccharides are the complex carbohydrates. They are made up of chains of monosaccharides (the sugars) which are linked together by glycosidic bonds. A starch is a kind of plysaccharide which is found in plant cells. They contain mostly of glucose monmers. Glycogen is a type of stach which is a chain of many glucose monmers. Most of the glycogen is stored in a humans granules in the liver and muscle cells. Cellulose is served as a kind of building material and also is found if some polysaccharides plants.

5.2 Key Terms
-Carbohydrate
-Monosaccharide
-Disaccacharide
-Polysaccharide
-Starch
-Glycogen
-Cellulose

5.1 Summary

Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number is 6. Carbon is a part of group 14 on the periodic table, it is an nonmetallic and tetravalent.

In concept 5.1 it talks about how carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules. In this chapter it includes the topics: Carbon Skeletons and Fuctional Groups, Monomers and Polymers, and Building and Breaking Polymers.










Carbon can have the ability to form bonds with one or more other carbon atoms. Carbon producting an endless variety of carbon skeletons. Carbon-based molecules are called organic molecules. H20 which is also a non-carbon-based molecule, so is oxygen, and ammonia, are called inorganic molecules. Carbon atoms have the ability to bond with other elements. Hydrocarbons are mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen. There are many kinds of groups and chains such as: straight chain, branched chain, hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, and amino group.




Monomers are large molecules which are built from many similar smaller molecular units. Also cells that link monomers together int long chains are called polymers. There are many kinds of chains for a polymer, there may be a straight one, which is a string of many individual cars.


Key Terms
-organic molecule
-inorganic molecule
-hydrocarbon
-functional group
-hydrophilic
-monomer
-polymer

The Diary of Thomas

Hello Diary,
Im writing on your fresh new white sheet of paper.
We are going to be friends for a couple of years.
So let me first introduce me to you.
I am Thomas Ho, and I am studying in AISG.
I've been in AISG since 6th grade, and been in Utah schools since I was born.
I left to China when I was in 5th grade.
I am Asian, my mom and dad are Taiwanese and me and my sister,was born in Utah.
This year my sister is moving on to college at RISD, which is in Rhode Island.
The school is art/design school, and is called Rhode Island School of Design.