8.1 Summary

8.1 Summary

This is Chloroplast-------------------------->

A type of cellular organelle is a place were photosynthesis which takes place in the Chloroplast.











<----------This is the chlorophyll This gives the organelles the green color. The Structure of Chloroplasts
When you look at a plant, and the color of green is contained by cells which chloroplast which can carry out photosynthesis. The place that contains the most chloroplast is in the leaves which are the major sites of photosynthesis.
The structure of the Chloroplast is one of the key functions. Just like a mitochondria a chloroplast also have an inner and an outer membrane. The stronma is the inner membrane which is enclosed by a thick fluid. Inside the chloroplast there are many disk-shaped sacs which are called thylakoids. These disks are arranged in a stack which is called a grana.

Overview of Photosynthesis
-the fall of electrons from glucose to oxygen releases energy, which is then used to make ATP.
-photosynthesis contains two main stages which are light reactions and Calvin cycle.
-light reactions convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy.
-1st chlorophyll molecules in the membranes capture the light energy.
-this splits the water into oxygen and hydrogen ions.
-chloroplasts use them to make an energy-rich molecule called NADPH.
-chloroplast also is used to capture light energy to generate ATP.

The Calvin Cycle
-Calvin cycle makes sugar from the atoms in carbon dioxide plus the hydrogen ions and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH.
-the enzymes for the the Calvin cycle are located outside the thylakiods and dissolved in the stroma.
-calvin cycle is also know as the the light-independent reactions.

Vocabulary
Chloroplast- organelle found in some plant cells and certain unicellular organism where photosynthesis takes place.
chlorophyll- pigment that gives a chloroplast its green color.
stroma- microscopic pores in a leaf's surface.
thylakiod- disk-shaped sac in the stroma of a chloroplast.
light reactions-chemical reactions that convert the sun's energy to chemical energy.
Calvin Cycle-a cycle in plants that makes sugar from carbon dioxide, H+ ions, and high-energy carried by NADPH.

Concept Check 8.1

1. In notebook.
2.The reactions depend on molecules built into the membrane of the thylakoids. Makes ATP.
3. The two stages are light reactions and Calvin Cycle. They both are in the chloroplast.